| MEASUREMENT PROPERTIES | |
| Limitations | >=5 European languages (English) |
| Observations |
The SPADI is a shoulder-specific measure that has been used in populations with various shoulder disorders, primarily nonspecific shoulder pain or rotator cuff disorders but also in adhesive capsulitis and after shoulder arthroplasty |
| 1. RELIABILITY | |
| A. Internal Consistency | Tested |
| Cronbach's (Describe) |
Evidence of Cronbach’s α scores for the total SPADI scale and the individual subscales in various settings, including: - shoulder disorders in outpatients (Cronbach’s α: total SPADI = 0.96, disability = 0.95, and pain = 0.89) - population-based individuals with shoulder pain (Cronbach’s α: total SPADI = 0.92, disability = 0.90, and pain = 0.85) - Spanish patients with shoulder pain/dysfunction after surgery for breast cancer (Cronbach’s α = 0.965)
In another study, internal consistency was good for pain (α = 0.859) and disability (α = 0.895) subscales. |
| B. Reliability intraobserver or test-retest | Tested |
| Continuous scores: intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) Dichotomus: Cohen kappa (Describe) |
Test-retest reliability was moderate in the original development study (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42-0.81), and higher ICCs have been reported in subsequent studies in various populations, including patients with general shoulder pain (ICC = 0.91). High test-retest reliability (Intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]) was found for pain (ICC = 0.989 [95% Confidence Interval (CI = 0.975-0.995]) and disability (ICC = 0.990 [95% CI = 0.988-0.998]). |
| C. Reliability interobserver or Measurement error | Tested |
| Standard error of measurement (SEM), smallest detectable change (SDC) or Limits of agreement (LoA) (Describe) |
Moderately negatively error: MDC 18,1 (larger than the reported MID 13,2) |
| 2. VALIDITY | |
| A. Content validity: face validity | Tested |
| Expert opinion (relevance and comprehensiveness) (Describe) |
The SPADI is brief, easy to administer, and responsive. It is valid for intervention and population-level studies. |
| B. Construct Validity: Structural validity |
Tested |
| Hypotheses-testing | Tested |
| Cross-cultural validity | Tested |
| Brief Description |
Factor analysis showed that pain and disability explained 61,4% of the total variance in the SPADI score. A Rasch model analysis of 1030 patients referred for physical therapy for shoulder pain also demonstrated a bidimensional structure. A study found that theSPADI subscales had good construct validity, as seven out of eight of the expected correlations formulated (≥ 75%) for the subscales were satisfied. The CFA showed good values of all indicators for both Pain and Disability subscales (Comparative Fit Index = 0.999; Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.997; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.030).. SPADI has shown good construct validity in Brazilian, Portuguese, Dutch, Italian, Nepali, Norwegian and Spanish versions). |
| C. Criterion validity | Not Tested |
| Comparison with a 'gold standard' Continuous scores: correlations, ROC curves Dichotomus: Sensitivity & Specificity (Describe) |
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