| Name of the Instrument/Tool | Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) |
| First Description |
Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF III, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 1989;28(2):193–213. |
| Year | 1989 |
| Domains | |
| Concept of constructs | Sleep |
| Population/Disease | Generic |
| Originally developed for | Osteoarthritis (OA), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Systemic sclerosis, Sjögren's syndrome, Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) |
| Other rheumatic diseases where can be applied (only if validated) |
Fibromyalgia (FM) |
| Additional population with no rheumatic diseases |
No |
| Language: Originally published in | English |
| Available in Language | Italian, Spanish, Persian, Greek, German, French, Portuguese |
| REFERENCE IDENTIFICATION | |
| Author/s | Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ |
| Title | The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. |
| Journal | Psychiatry research |
| Year | 1989 |
| Vol | 28 |
| Num | 2 |
| Pages | 193-213 |
| Country | United States of America |
| Language | English |
| Other references of interest | |
| Link | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23390921/ |
| Brief Description |
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in rheumatoid arthritis patients |
| Link | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16924687/ |
| Brief Description |
Sleep quality in patients with fibromyalgia using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index |
| Link | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33091275/ |
| Brief Description |
Measures of Sleep in Rheumatologic Diseases: Sleep Quality Patient‐Reported Outcomes in Rheumatologic Diseases |
| Instrument/Tool Translations References | |
| Link | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27923147/ |
| Brief Description |
Validation of the Portuguese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-PT) |
| Link | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19112721/ |
| Brief Description |
Reliability and factorial analysis of the Spanish version of the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index among psychiatric patients |
| Link | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22526760/ |
| Brief Description |
Validity of the Italian version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) |
| DEVELOPER CONTACT INFORMATION | |
| Correspondence to | Daniel J Buysse |
| buyssedj@upmc.edu | |
| Address | 3811 O'Hara St. Pittsburgh PA, 15213 |
| Website | --- |
| Available | --- |
| Links | --- |
| DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTRUMENT | |
| Type Of Measure | Questionnaire |
| Brief Description |
Questionnaire developed to measure sleep quality, assess sleep disturbances, and discriminate between good and poor sleepers. The PSQI measures seven domains of sleep quality: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency (time to fall asleep initially), sleep duration, sleep efficiency (percentage of time in bed spent asleep), sleep disturbances, use of sleep medications, and daytime dysfunction |
| Number of Items | 19 items (5 additional items to be completed by a bed partner, which may be useful clinically but are not scored) |
| Range | 0-21 |
| Responses options/scale |
Yes “How much of a problem has [it] been…to keep up enough enthusiasm to get things done?” |
| Developed for | Clinical practice, Research |
| PRACTICAL APPLICATION | |
| Method of administration | Self-administered |
| Recommendations to score |
From the 19 items, seven domain subscores are calculated, each on a scale of 0 to 3, based on scoring algorithms involving a combination of categorization of free-text responses and arithmetic determinations as well as averaging of Likert responses. The global PSQI score is the unweighted sum of the seven subscores. |
| Score Interpretation | Higher scores indicate worse sleep quality |
| Cut-off points | A score of 5 or higher identified poor sleepers with a sensitivity of 89.6% and specificity of 86.5%. A score of 6 may better discriminate to poor sleepers from good sleepers, with a reported sensitivity of 93% to 99% and a specificity reaching 100% |
| Cut-off points applied to | Both |
| Smallest detectable change if described | --- |
| Smallest detectable change applied to | --- |
| Completion time by the patient | 5-10 minutes |
| Scoring time by the assessor | 5-10 minutes |
| Training to score | Not necessary |
| Strengths | Useful in clinical practice & research |
| Limitations | --- |
| OTHER COMMENTS | |
| Other Comments |
The PSQI is a legacy instrument that has been used to study prevalence of poor sleep and associated factors in a wide range of patients with rheumatologic diagnoses, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), RA, spondyloarthritides, systemic sclerosis, Sjögren’s syndrome, osteoarthritis, and fibromyalgia. It may not be able to detect well-known disturbances of sleep that accompany aging |