| MEASUREMENT PROPERTIES | |
| Limitations | >=5 European languages (English) |
| Observations | |
| 1. RELIABILITY | |
| A. Internal Consistency | Tested |
| Cronbach's (Describe) |
Cronbach’s coefficient α ranges from 0.78 to 0.93 for HADS-A and from 0.82 to 0.90 for HADS-D. Similar coefficient α values were observed for translated versions |
| B. Reliability intraobserver or test-retest | Tested |
| Continuous scores: intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) Dichotomus: Cohen kappa (Describe) |
High test-retest correlations (r > 0.80) were found after 2 weeks or less and gradually decreased as time lapsed (2-6 weeks = 0.73-0.76; more than 6 weeks = 0.70) |
| C. Reliability interobserver or Measurement error | Not Tested |
| Standard error of measurement (SEM), smallest detectable change (SDC) or Limits of agreement (LoA) (Describe) |
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| 2. VALIDITY | |
| A. Content validity: face validity | Tested |
| Expert opinion (relevance and comprehensiveness) (Describe) |
HADS relies on anhedonia, not on somatic complaints, and is sensitive to mild distress because it excludes symptoms of severe mental illness. Construction of HADS-D minimizes the effect of somatic disorders associated with depression. |
| B. Construct Validity: Structural validity |
Tested |
| Hypotheses-testing | Tested |
| Cross-cultural validity | Tested |
| Brief Description |
A review of the literature has found inconsistencies in factor structure reported, with 1 to 3 factors identified as well as a bifactor model (Luciano JV, Barrada JR, Aguado J, Osma J, García-Campayo J. Bifactor analysis and construct validity of the HADS: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study in fibromyalgia patients. Psychol Assess 2014;26:395–406.) |
| C. Criterion validity | Not Tested |
| Comparison with a 'gold standard' Continuous scores: correlations, ROC curves Dichotomus: Sensitivity & Specificity (Describe) |
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