Detailled Information

Name of the Instrument/Tool Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
First Description

Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta psychiatrica scandinavica. 1983;67(6):361-70.
Year 1983
Domains
Concept of constructs Anxiety and depression
Population/Disease Generic
Originally developed for ---
Other rheumatic diseases
where can be applied (only if validated)		 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Fibromyalgia (FM), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)
Additional population with no rheumatic diseases No
Language: Originally published in English
Available in Language German, Norwegian, Finnish, French, Swedish, Italian, Dutch, Spanish, Danish, English, Hungarian, Portuguese
REFERENCE IDENTIFICATION
Author/s Zigmond AS, Snaith RP
Title The hospital anxiety and depression scale.
Journal Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
Year 1983
Vol 67
Num 6
Pages 361-370
Country United Kingdom
Language English
Other references of interest
Link http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9055211
Brief Description

International experiences with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale--a review of validation data and clinical results.
Link http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22588766
Brief Description

Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).
Link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28978356/
Brief Description

Is the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) a valid measure in a general population 65-80 years old? A psychometric evaluation study. 
Instrument/Tool Translations References
No other References.
DEVELOPER CONTACT INFORMATION
Correspondence to Zigmond AS
E-Mail anthony.zigmond@leedspft.nhs.uk
Address Leeds Partnerships NHS Foundation Trust, Newsam Centre, Leeds LS14 6WB
Website ---
Available ---
Links ---
DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTRUMENT
Type Of Measure Questionnaire
Brief Description

HADS is an instrument designed to measure anxiety and depressive symptoms in a genral medical population. It consists in two subscales:  Anxiety subscale (HADS-A) with 7 anxiety items that focus on cognitive and emotional aspects of anxiety and depression subscale (HADS-D) with 7 depression items measuring cognitive and emotional aspects of depression, predominantly anhedonia.  Somatic items relating to emotional and physical disorders are excluded.
Number of Items 14
Range 0–42 for the total score; 0–21 for the HADS-A and HADS-D.
Responses options/scale Yes
ranging from 0–3.
Developed for Both
PRACTICAL APPLICATION
Method of administration Self-administered
Recommendations to score

The total score is a sum of the 14 items; the score for each subscale is a sum of the 7 corresponding items.
Score Interpretation Higher scores indicate greater severity
Cut-off points 0–7: normal, 8–10: mild, 11–15: moderate, and 16: severe (Snaith, 1994)
Cut-off points applied to Not specified
Smallest detectable change if described ---
Smallest detectable change applied to ---
Completion time by the patient 5 minutes
Scoring time by the assessor 1-2 minutes
Training to score Not necessary
Strengths Easy to use, Widely used, Useful in clinical practice & research
Limitations ---
OTHER COMMENTS
Other Comments ---