| Name of the Instrument/Tool | Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) |
| First Description |
Bellamy N, Buchanan W. A preliminary evaluation of the dimensionality and clinical importance of pain and disability in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. Clinical rheumatology. 1986;5(2):231-41 |
| Year | 1986 |
| Domains | |
| Concept of constructs | Pain, Physical function |
| Population/Disease | Disease specific |
| Originally developed for | Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Osteoarthritis (OA) |
| Other rheumatic diseases where can be applied (only if validated) |
Low Back Pain (LBP), Fibromyalgia (FM), Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) |
| Additional population with no rheumatic diseases |
No |
| Language: Originally published in | English |
| Available in Language | German, Dutch, Korean, Arabic, Spanish, English, Chinese, Turkish, Swedish, Italian, Finnish, French |
| REFERENCE IDENTIFICATION | |
| Author/s | Bellamy N, Buchanan WW |
| Title | A preliminary evaluation of the dimensionality and clinical importance of pain and disability in osteoarthrits of the hip and knee |
| Journal | Clin Rheumatol |
| Year | 1986 |
| Vol | 5 |
| Num | 2 |
| Pages | 231-241 |
| Country | Canada |
| Language | English |
| Other references of interest | |
| Link | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3068365 |
| Brief Description |
Bellamy N, Buchanan WW, Goldsmith CH, Campbell J, Stitt LW. Validation study of WOMAC: A health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Rheumatol. 1988; 15:1833-1840 |
| Link | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33091264/ |
| Brief Description |
McHugh M, Droy E, Muscatelli S, Gagnier JJ. Measures of Adult Knee Function. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2020 Oct;72 Suppl 10:219-249. |
| Link | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12814615 |
| Brief Description |
Weigl M, Cieza A, Harder M, et al. linking osteoarthritis-specific health-status measures to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2003; 11(7):519-523 |
| Instrument/Tool Translations References | |
| Link | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14672889 |
| Brief Description |
Roorda LD, Jones CA, Waltz M, et al. Satisfactory cross cultural equivalence of Dutch WOMAC in patients with hip osteoarthritis waiting for arthroplasty. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:36-42 |
| Link | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12447629 |
| Brief Description |
Escobar A, Quintana JM, Bilbao A, Azkarate J, Guenaga JI. Validation of the Spanish version of the WOMAC questionnaire for patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2002;21:466-471 |
| Link | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31858210/ |
| Brief Description |
Lage PTS, Machado LAC, Barreto SM, de Figueiredo RC, Telles RW. Measurement properties of Portuguese-Brazil Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) for the assessment of knee complaints in Brazilian adults: ELSA-Brasil Musculoskeletal cohort. Rheumatol Int. 2020 Feb;40(2):233-242.. Epub 2019 Dec 19. |
| DEVELOPER CONTACT INFORMATION | |
| Correspondence to | Bellamy N |
| n.bellamy@uq.edu.au | |
| Address | Centre of National Research on Disability and Rehabilitation medicine, University of Queensland, Department of Medicine, Level 3, Mayne Medical School, Herston Road, Brisbane Queensland 4006, Australia |
| Website | http://www.womac.org/womac/index.htm |
| Available | --- |
| Links |
The WOMAC is a proprietary health status questionnaire protected by copyright and trademark. To obtain permission to use the WOMAC for research purposes, a request can be submitted at www.womac .org. Licensing processes and costs are determined on the basis of information specific to each research project |
| DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTRUMENT | |
| Type Of Measure | Scale, Questionnaire |
| Brief Description |
The WOMAC was designed to assess pain, stiffness, and physical function in patients with hip and / or knee osteoarthritis. The WOMAC consists of 24 items divided into 3 subscales: Pain (5 items): during walking, using stairs, in bed, sitting or lying, and standing; Stiffness (2 items): after first waking and later in the day; Physical Function (17 items): stair use, rising from sitting, standing, bending, walking, getting in / out of a car, shopping, putting on / taking off socks, rising from bed, lying in bed, getting in / out of bath, sitting, getting on / off toilet, heavy household duties, light household duties |
| Number of Items | 24 |
| Range | On the Likert scale: pain=0-20, stiffness=0-8, physical function=0-68 2). On the Visual Analog version: pain=0-500, stiffness=0-200, physical function=0-1700. |
| Responses options/scale |
Yes Likert/ 100 mm Visual Analog version (uses anchors of no pain/stiffness/difficulty and extreme pain/stiffness/difficulty). |
| Developed for | Both |
| PRACTICAL APPLICATION | |
| Method of administration | Self-administered |
| Recommendations to score |
The WOMAC is typically scored by hand. On the Likert Scale version, the scores are summed for items in each subscale. On the Visual Analog version, a ruler is used to measure the distance (in mm) from the left end marker to the patient's mark. For each item, the possible range of scores is therefore 0-100. Items are summed for each subscale. Most commonly, a total WOMAC score is created by summing the items for all three subscales . |
| Score Interpretation | Higher scores on the WOMAC indicate worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations |
| Cut-off points | --- |
| Cut-off points applied to | --- |
| Smallest detectable change if described | --- |
| Smallest detectable change applied to | --- |
| Completion time by the patient | 5-10 minutes |
| Scoring time by the assessor | 5 minutes |
| Training to score | Not necessary |
| Strengths | Useful in clinical practice & research, Widely used |
| Limitations | --- |
| OTHER COMMENTS | |
| Other Comments | --- |