Detailled Information

Name of the Instrument/Tool Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC)
First Description

Bellamy N, Buchanan W. A preliminary evaluation of the dimensionality and clinical importance of pain and disability in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. Clinical rheumatology. 1986;5(2):231-41

Year 1986
Domains
Concept of constructs Pain, Physical function
Population/Disease Disease specific
Originally developed for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Osteoarthritis (OA)
Other rheumatic diseases
where can be applied (only if validated)
Low Back Pain (LBP), Fibromyalgia (FM), Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
Additional population with no rheumatic diseases No
Language: Originally published in English
Available in Language German, Dutch, Korean, Arabic, Spanish, English, Chinese, Turkish, Swedish, Italian, Finnish, French
REFERENCE IDENTIFICATION
Author/s Bellamy N, Buchanan WW
Title A preliminary evaluation of the dimensionality and clinical importance of pain and disability in osteoarthrits of the hip and knee
Journal Clin Rheumatol
Year 1986
Vol 5
Num 2
Pages 231-241
Country Canada
Language English
Other references of interest
Link http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3068365
Brief Description

Bellamy N, Buchanan WW, Goldsmith CH, Campbell J, Stitt LW. Validation study of WOMAC: A health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Rheumatol. 1988; 15:1833-1840

Link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33091264/
Brief Description

McHugh M, Droy E, Muscatelli S, Gagnier JJ. Measures of Adult Knee Function. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2020 Oct;72 Suppl 10:219-249. 

Link http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12814615
Brief Description

Weigl M, Cieza A, Harder M, et al. linking osteoarthritis-specific health-status measures to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2003; 11(7):519-523

Instrument/Tool Translations References
Link http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14672889
Brief Description

Roorda LD, Jones CA, Waltz M, et al. Satisfactory cross cultural equivalence of Dutch WOMAC in patients with hip osteoarthritis waiting for arthroplasty. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:36-42

Link http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12447629
Brief Description

Escobar A, Quintana JM, Bilbao A, Azkarate J, Guenaga JI. Validation of the Spanish version of the WOMAC questionnaire for patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2002;21:466-471

Link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31858210/
Brief Description

Lage PTS, Machado LAC, Barreto SM, de Figueiredo RC, Telles RW. Measurement properties of Portuguese-Brazil Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis  index (WOMAC) for the assessment of knee complaints in Brazilian adults: ELSA-Brasil Musculoskeletal cohort. Rheumatol Int. 2020 Feb;40(2):233-242.. Epub 2019 Dec 19.

DEVELOPER CONTACT INFORMATION
Correspondence to Bellamy N
E-Mail n.bellamy@uq.edu.au
Address Centre of National Research on Disability and Rehabilitation medicine, University of Queensland, Department of Medicine, Level 3, Mayne Medical School, Herston Road, Brisbane Queensland 4006, Australia
Website http://www.womac.org/womac/index.htm
Available ---
Links

The WOMAC is a proprietary health status questionnaire protected by copyright and trademark. To obtain permission to use the WOMAC for research purposes, a request can be submitted at www.womac .org. Licensing processes and costs are determined on the basis of information specific to each research project 

DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTRUMENT
Type Of Measure Scale, Questionnaire
Brief Description

The WOMAC was designed to assess pain, stiffness, and physical function in patients with hip and / or knee osteoarthritis.

The WOMAC consists of 24 items divided into 3 subscales:  Pain (5 items): during walking, using stairs, in bed, sitting or lying, and standing; Stiffness (2 items): after first waking and later in the day;  Physical Function (17 items): stair use, rising from sitting, standing, bending, walking, getting in / out of a car, shopping, putting on / taking off socks, rising from bed, lying in bed, getting in / out of bath, sitting, getting on / off toilet, heavy household duties, light household duties

Number of Items 24
Range On the Likert scale: pain=0-20, stiffness=0-8, physical function=0-68 2). On the Visual Analog version: pain=0-500, stiffness=0-200, physical function=0-1700.
Responses options/scale Yes
Likert/ 100 mm Visual Analog version (uses anchors of no pain/stiffness/difficulty and extreme pain/stiffness/difficulty).
Developed for Both
PRACTICAL APPLICATION
Method of administration Self-administered
Recommendations to score

The WOMAC is typically scored by hand. On the Likert Scale version, the scores are summed for items in each subscale. On the Visual Analog version, a ruler is used to measure the distance (in mm) from the left end marker to the patient's mark. For each item, the possible range of scores is therefore 0-100. Items are summed for each subscale. Most commonly, a total WOMAC score is created by summing the items for all three subscales . 

Score Interpretation Higher scores on the WOMAC indicate worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations
Cut-off points ---
Cut-off points applied to ---
Smallest detectable change if described ---
Smallest detectable change applied to ---
Completion time by the patient 5-10 minutes
Scoring time by the assessor 5 minutes
Training to score Not necessary
Strengths Useful in clinical practice & research, Widely used
Limitations ---
OTHER COMMENTS
Other Comments ---